مروری بر اقدامات کشور در مدیریت خشکسالی و ظرفیت آنها برای مواجهه با بحران‌های آبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

طی دو دهه اخیر، کشور خشکسالی و کم‌آب‌های مستمری را تجربه کرده است. در پاسخ به این وضعیت اقدامات متنوعی به انجام رسید که بررسی بخشی از آنها، هدف این مقاله را رقم می‌زند. بدین منظور ابتدا آنها به 5 دسته شامل: 1) سازمانی، عملیاتی، 2) تحقیقات و فن‌‌آوری، 3) حمایت‌های مالی، 4) مدیریت خشکسالی و 5) رویکردهای برنامه‌های توسعه 5 ساله کشور دسته‌بندی شدند. سپس، هر یک بطور مجزا مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند و همزمان نیز مقایسه‌ای با سوابق مشابه در دیگر کشورها به عمل آمد. نتایج نشان داد که علی‌رغم تلاش‌های صورت گرفته، این اقدامات نتوانسته کشور را به ساختاری مناسب برای برخورد با این وضعیت برساند، بطوریکه حتی هنوز یک سیستم پایش ملی خشکسالی وجود ندارد. درپاسخ به مدیریت تقاضا، بسیاری از اقدامات جاری، بدون ارزیابی‌های لازم در بررسی ظرفیت آنها برای کاهش مصرف آب هستند. ازطرفی نیز اهدافی برای امنیت غذایی بخصوص در برنامه‌های توسعه 5 ساله تعریف شده که مصرف آب را بالا می‌برند که در واقع پاردکسی1 بین امنیت آبی و غذایی هستند. نهایتاً اینکه کاملاً مشهود است که شرایط حاضر حکمرانی آب کشور نمی‌تواند پاسخگوی چالش‌های خشکسالی کشور و شرایط حادتر آن تحت تاثیر افزایش مصرف، کاهش منابع و پدیده تغییر اقلیم باشند. ارتقاء این مجموعه برای توسعه پایدار کشور و امنیت ملی کاملاً ضرورت دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Review of national efforts to manage drought and the capacity to face water crises

چکیده [English]

Iran has experienced continuous drought over the past two decades. Different measures have been implemented to respond this situation. The present research was undertaken to evaluate these measures, which can be classified as organizational, operational, research and technology, financial support and relief. The position of drought management in the five-year development plan is also examined. The measures have been evaluated and compared with similar experiences of other countries. The results show that, despite considerable effort, the nation has not been able to institute a relevant structure to cope with water scarcity and, as yet, there is no a national monitoring system. For demand management, the suggested measures have not undergone the necessary evaluation of their capacity to reduce water demand. In fact, some of the objectives for food security are inconsistent those of water security. It appears that national efforts to govern water use cannot adequately respond to drought and water crises should be expected in the future as a result of increasing water demand and climate change. Policies that address these deficiencies are urgently needed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought Management
  • Water crises
  • Climate change
  • Five-Year Development Plan
  • Water Governance
Botterill L C, Wilhite D A (2005) From disaster response to risk management, Australia's national drought policy. Nova Biomedical Books, United States, Springer 212p
CIWP (2009) Integrated water resources management of Lake Urmia watershed. UNDP and department of environment conservations, Iran (in Persian)
CIWP (2012) Drought risk management for lake Urmia basin. UNDP and department of environment conservations, Iran http://www.doe.ir/portal/theme/ talab/Data/021-DRM.html (in Persian)
FAO (2007) National strategy and action plan on drought preparedness, management and mitigation in the agricultural sector. Prepared with the assistance of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations through the TCP Project No. 3003 /IRA
Farokhnia A (2015) Assessment of effects of climate variability and land use changes on hydrology of Urmia basin. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran (in Persian)
Keshavarz M, Karami E, Lahsaei A (2013) Factors influencing the rural migrations resulting from drought: a case study in Fars Province. Village and Development 16(1):113-127
Kiem A S (2013) Drought and water policy in Australia: Challenges for the future illustrated by the issues associated with water trading and climate change adaptation in the Murray–Darling Basin. Global Environmental ChangeVolume 23, Issue 6:1615–1626
Lane M E, Kirshen P H, Vogel R M (1999) Indicators of impact of global climate change on U.S. water resources. ASCE, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 125(4):194-204
Lim B, Siegfried E (2004) Adaptation policy frameworks for climate change: developing strategies, policies and measures. UNDP, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Macfarquhar N (2001) Drought chokes off Iran's water and its economy. New York Times SEPT, 18, 2001
Mekonnen M M, Hoekstra A Y (2011) National water footprint accounts: The green, blue and grey water footprint of production and consumption. Value of Water Research Report Series No. 50, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands
Molden D, Sakthivadivel R, Habib Z (2001) Basin-level use and productivity of water: Examples from South Asia. Research Report 49, Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Morid S (2001) Evaluation of U.S. government performance in coping with drought and the congress viewpoints. First national conference on water crisis mitigation strategies, Zabol (Iran):191-200 (in Persian)
Morid S, Arab D (2003) Documentation of the Iranian water authorities’ responses to cope with drought. Office of applied research and research, Iran water resources management co, Iranian ministry of energy (in Persian)
Morid S, Moghaddasi M (2005) Moving from drought crises management to risk management and our future scopes. First international conference on integrated natural disasters management, Tehran, Iran, 29-30 January (in Persian)
Mostafavi M A (2016) Necessity of implementation of the national groundwater balance and restoration plan (challenges, measures and requirements). Second Iran National Congress of Irrigation and Drainage, Esfahan, Sep 2016
Newig J, Kochska¨mper E, Challies E, Jager N (2016) Exploring governance learning: How policymakers draw on evidence, experience and intuition in designing participatory flood risk planning. Environmental Science & Policy, Vol 55:353–360
Neirizi S (2016) Agricultural water allocation and improvement of pressurized irrigation, meeting to evaluate the role of pressurized irrigation systems in real water savings, Iran Presidential Centre for Strategic Studies, 1 Aug 2016   
Seckler D (1999) Revisiting the "IWMI paradigm" Increasing the efficiency and productivity of water use. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI. 8p [Also published in Journal of Applied Irrigation Science, 34(1):85-94], (IWMI water brief no 2)
Senge P (1992) Systems thinking and organizational learning: Acting locally and thinking globally in the organization of the future. European Journal of Operational ResearchVolume 59, Issue 1:137-150
Shadkami-Torbati S (2017) Preserving Urmia lake in a changing world: reconciling anthropogenic and climate drivers by hydrological modeling and policy assessment. Ph.D. Dissertation, Wageningen University
Sposito G (2013) Green water and global food security. Vadose Zone J, doi:10.2136/vzj2013.02.0041
Torabi S (2015) Manageable water. Office of water and sewerage macro planning, ministry of energy, Iran (in Persian)
Törnqvist R, Jarsjö J (2012) Water savings through improved irrigation techniques: basin-scale quantification in semi-arid environments water resource manage. 26:949–962 DOI 10.1007/s11269-011-9819-9
Ward F, Pulido-Velazquez M (2008) Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 18215–18220, doi:10.1073/ pnas.0805554105
Wilhite D A (1997) State actions to mitigate drought: lessons learned. Journal of American Water Resources Association 33(5):961–968
Wilhite D A, Hayes M J, Knutson C, Helm Smith K (2001) Planning for drought: moving from crisis to risk management. Paper No. 99139 of the Journal of the American Water Resources, 697-710
Wilhite D A (2006) National and regional drought policies and plans: moving from crisis to risk management, workshop on drought mitigation methodologies, tools and management options. ICARDA, Aleppo (Syria), 18-22 June