بازتخصیص خاموش آب در حوضه زاینده‌رود

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 برنامه آب و توسعه/ پژوهشکده سیاستگذاری دانشگاه شریف.

2 برنامه آب و توسعه، پژوهشکده سیاستگذاری دانشگاه شریف.

چکیده

تحولات اقتصادی و اجتماعی، تنوع و افزایش نیازهای آب را به همراه داشته است. محدودیت منابع آب تجدیدپذیر حوضه‌های آبریز ممکن است در بسیاری از موارد عامل محدودکننده رشد نیازهای آب نبوده و استمرار افزایش مصارف و به تبع آن جابه‌جایی حقوق آب و بازتخصیص را به دنبال داشته باشد. بازتخصیص به طور کلی ظرفیتی برای مدیریت تقاضای آب برای مواجهه با کم‌آبی است؛ اما سازوکار آن می‌تواند متنوع باشد. وضعیت حکمرانی و حقوق آب مناطق مختلف تعیین می‌کند بازتخصیص چقدر بر مبنای عدالت و پایداری و یا زور و قدرت صورت گرفته است. در این مقاله با بررسی اسنادی و مصاحبه‌های میدانی، تجربه بازتخصیص در حوضه زاینده‌رود مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در حوضه زاینده‌رود سه سازوکار برای بازتخصیص شامل بازتخصیص از حقابه‌های قدیمی به مصارف مورد نظر دولت، بازتخصیص از پایین‌دست به بالادست و بازتخصیص از بهره‌برداران قدیمی آب زیرزمینی به صاحبان چاه‌های جدید مشاهده می‌شود. فقدان شفافیت و عدم مشارکت حقابه‌داران در تصمیم‌گیری‌های بازتخصیص موجب گردید جلب رضایت و جبران خسارتی صورت نگیرد که در این مقاله از عنوان بازتخصیص خاموش برای توصیف آن استفاده شده است. طی یک دهه اخیر حوضه زاینده‌رود شاهد واکنش‌هایی نسبت به تبعات بازتخصیص خاموش بوده است. واکنش‌های دولت نشان از سردرگمی و تعلل در تصمیم‌گیری و ناتوانی از اجرا دارد و واکنش جامعه نیز با وجود پیشرفت‌های قابل توجه در ارتقا آگاهی و گردش اطلاعات، سازماندهی و مکانیزم نمایندگان، به دلیل مطالبه صرف آب و عدم پیگیری فرصت‌های توسعه کم‌آب‌بر، موجب پیچیدگی بیشتر مدیریت مسائل این حوضه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Silent Reallocations in Zayandehrud River Basin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Soroush Talebi eskandari 1
  • Seyed jalaledin Mirnezami 2
1 Water and Development Program, Sharif Policy Research Institute (SPRI).
2 Water and Development Program, Sharif Policy Research Institute (SPRI).
چکیده [English]

Social and economic changes can multiplicate and rise water demands. As witnessed in many cases around the globe, limited renewable water resources have not effectively played a confining role for the developments, and with the rising demands, subtle transfer of rights or reallocations have taken place. Reallocation can be considered as a strategy to curb the issues of water scarcity and to exercise water demand management, in very different ways. Governance and water rights are determinative factors for the quality of reallocation with regard to the issues of equity and sustainability. By conducting a qualitative research through interviews, observations and document analysis, in this paper we have investigated the process of reallocation in Zayandehrud basin, Iran. The research revealed three mechanisms of reallocation: from previous right-holders to the government-defined purposes; from downstream to upstream; and from previous groundwater right-holders to new users. Lack of transparency and stakeholder participation in the reallocations without taking compensative measures is why here we have coined this experience a “silent reallocation”. As with the growing effects of silent reallocations, Zayanderud basin has witnessed contentious interactions among right-holders and the government. Reactions and decisions by the government reveal confusion and inability to deal with the complicated circumstances of the reallocations occurred. Meanwhile, though the reactions by the right-holder groups of farmers imply for raised local awareness and tremendous improvements in their social capacity to organize their power and influence, the sole request for furthering their access to water has complicated the controversies without distinguishable outcomes.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Zayandehrud
  • Silent Reallocation
  • Water Rights
  • Water Governance
  • Water Conflicts

1-     

Golkarami A, Kaviani Rad M (2017) The effect of limited water resources on hydropolitic tensions (Case study: Iran's central catchment with emphasis on Zayandehrood Basin). Geography and Environmental Planning 28(1):113-134 (In Persian) 
Alidusti N (2014) Study the factors affecting drought of Zayandehrud and its effect on employment in Isfahan. In: Proc. The 1st Conference on Environment of Payamenoor University, 22 May, Dehaghan, Iran (In Persian)
Alizadeh A (2007) Applied hydrology principles. University of Imam Reza, 17th edition (In Persian)
Amini Faskhudi A, Mirzaei M (2014) Consequences of water deficiency crisis and become dry of Zayande-Roud in rural areas (Case study: Baraan plain in eastern Isfahan). Journal of Community Development 5(2):157-180 (In Persian)
Birkenholtz T (2016) Dispossessing irrigators: Water grabbing, supply-side growth and farmer resistance in India. Geoforum 69:94-105
Cullet P, Bhullar L, and Koonan S (2015) Inter-sectoral water allocation and conflicts–perspectives from Rajasthan. Economic & Political Weekly 50(34):61-69
Enteshari S, Safavi H R (2019) “Investigation of administrative-institutional system of water management in the Zayandehrud basin using qualitative method of grounded theory”. Journal of Water and Wastewater 30(6):1-17 (In Persian)
Eslami M (2009) Zayande-rud past, present, future. In: Conference on Zayande-rud Water Crisis. Isfahan, Municipality Organization for Culture & Recreations Publications 102-144 (In Persian)
Ghasemzadeh B, Pazhuhan M, Hataminejad H, Sajjadzadeh H (2014) Impact of ZayandehRud drought on social interactions and populated spaces in Isfahan city. Journal of Environmental Studies 40(2):481-498 (In Persian)
Gohari A, Eslamian S, Mirchi A, Abedi-Koupaei J, Bavani A M, and Madani K (2013) Water transfer as a solution to water shortage: a fix that can backfire. Journal of Hydrology 491:23-39
Hajian N (2013) Feasibility of upgrading Sheikh Baha’i’s scroll taking the present situation into account. Research plan, Isfahan Regional Water Company, Isfahan (In Persian)
Hosseini Abari S H (1998) Traditional water management in Zāyande-rud river: A discussion in Iranian indigenous knowledge. Journal of Faculty of Letters and Humanities 2(15):101-120 (In Persian)
Hosseini Abari S H (2003) Zayanderud and Esfahan. Journal of Geographical Researches 18(3):105-118 (In Persian)
Komakech H C, Van der Zaag P, and Van Koppen B (2012) The last will be first: Water transfers from agriculture to cities in the Pangani River Basin, Tanzania. Water Alternatives 5(3)
Lambton A K (1938) The regulation of the waters of the Zāyande Rūd. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 9(3):663-673
Madani K, AghaKouchak A, and Mirchi A (2016) Iran’s socio-economic drought: Challenges of a water-bankrupt nation. Iranian Studies 49(6):997-1016
Madani K and Mariño M A (2009) System dynamics analysis for managing Iran’s Zayandeh-Rud river basin. Water Resources Management 23(11):2163-2187
Marston L and Cai X (2016) An overview of water reallocation and the barriers to its implementation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 3(5):658-677
Meinzen-Dick R and Ringler C (2008) Water reallocation: Drivers, challenges, threats, and solutions for the poor. Journal of Human Development 9(1):47-64
Mohajeri S, Horlemann L, Sklorz S, Kaltofen M, Ghanavizchian S, and von Voigt T N (2016) Integrated water resource management in Isfahan: the Zayandeh Rud catchment. In Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation, Springer, Cham (pp. 603-627)
Molle F (2003) Development trajectories of river basins: A conceptual framework. Vol. 72, IWMI Center
Molle F and Berkoff J (2009) Cities vs. agriculture: A review of intersectoral water reallocation. In Natural Resources Forum, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 33(1):6-18
Molle F, Ghazi I, and Murray-Rust H (2009) Buying respite: Esfahan and the Zayandeh Rud river basin, Iran. River basin trajectories: Societies, environments and development. Wallingford: CABI (8):196-213
Molle F, Hoogesteger J, and Mamanpoush A (2008) Macro and micro level impacts of droughts: The case of the Zayandeh Rud river basin, Iran. Irrigation and Drainage: The Journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage 57(2):219-227
Molle F, Wester P, Hirsch P, Jensen J R, Murray-Rust H, Paranjpye V, ... and Van der Zaag P (2007) River basin development and management (No. H040208). International Water Management Institute
Mollinga P P (2008) Water, politics and development: Framing a political sociology of water resources management. Water Alternatives 1(1):7-23
Mortazavi S A, Rezaei A, Peykani G (2016) The analysis of farmers economic status under drought conditions in the east of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development 47(2):335-342
Murray-Rust H, Salemi H R, and Droogers P (2002) Water resources development and water utilization in the Zayandeh-Rud Basin. Iran IAERI-IWMI Research Report, 13
Noroozi G (2018) Reflection on legal challenges of water ownership at Zayanderood Basin from the perspective of Public Law. Public Law Studies Quarterly 48(4):867-886 (In Persian)
Omrani Y (1963) Study of Zayandehrud river basin and catchment area in Isfahan. M.Sc. Thesis, School of Agriculture Engineering, University of Shiraz (In Persian)
Purmohammadi M, Ghorbani R, Beheshtiruy M, (2011) Green space per capita in Iran and Other countries with regard to efficiency or inefficiency. Journal of Geography and Planning 16(36):33
Safavi H, Rastghalam M (2017) Solution to the water crisis in the Zayandehrud River Basin; Joint supply and demand management. Iran-Water Resources Research 12(4):12-22 (In Persian)
Salehian S, Rahmani Fazli A (2018) The study of environmental consequences of water resources instability in the Zayandeh-Rud river basin. Physical Geography Research Quarterly 50(104):391-406
Salemi R, Heydari N (2006) Assessment of water supply and use in the Zayandeh-Rud River Basin, Iran. Iran-Water Resources Research 2(14):72-76 (In Persian)
Salemi H R, Murray-Rust H (2004) An overview of the hydrology of the Zayandeh Rud Basin, Iran. Journal of Water and Wastewater 15(50):2
Seckler D W (1996) The new era of water resources management: From" dry" to" wet" water savings. Vol. 1, IWMI Research Reports H018206, International Water Management Institute
Shafaghi S (2003) Geography of Isfahan. Isfahan: Isfahan University Press
Wang X, Yang H, Shi M, Zhou D, and Zhang Z (2015) Managing stakeholders' conflicts for water reallocation from agriculture to industry in the Heihe River Basin in Northwest China. Science of the Total Environment 505:823-832
Wester P (2008) Shedding the waters: Institutional change and water control in the Lerma-Chapala basin, Mexico. Water Resources Development 24(2):275-288
Yadegari A, Yousefi A, Amini A M (2018) Institutional analysis of water governance structure in Iran: A case of Zayande-Rood Basin. Iran Water Resources Research 14(1):184-197 (In Persian)
Yosefi A, Mozafaramini A, Yadegari A, Fathi O (2017) Sustainability of Zayande-Rood's water governance regimes in the course of development. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities 9(4):23-48 (In Persian)
Yousefi A, Amini A M, Fathi O, yadegari A (2016) Farmers' and authorities' attitudes towards the water conflict resolution methods in Zayandeh-Rud River. Journal of Water and Soil Science 20(76):143-159 (In Persian)